Underground Mine Communications Infrastructure Guideline
Published: June 14,2024This guideline outlines cellular, Wi-Fi, and mesh network architectures for underground mines. It includes:
- Network Design Considerations: Wired vs. wireless trade-offs, bandwidth planning, and redundancy strategies.
- Installing and commissioning: requirements for successful installation and commissioning, methodologies, and testing and validation.
- Operating and maintaining: approach to deliver and maintain, performance targets, service level agreements, and change management.
- Disposing and refreshing: safe, secure, and ethical disposal practices.
BACKGROUND
Communications systems are similar to other mine services (i.e., ventilation, water, compressed air) in the sense that they are essential; however, it can be challenging for traditional mining organizations to successfully implement or refresh.
Additionally, the increased use of cellular technology in underground mines requires guidance on their use (designing for through decommissioning) as well as comparison with other options such as Wi-Fi.
Communications infrastructure is a key enabler for many other mining technologies. When there is outdated or inadequate communications infrastructure in the mine there can be consequences such as death and/or financial impacts, along with legislative and legal consequences dependent on the region and specifics of the operation.
PURPOSE
This guideline will provide high-level guidance for the complete lifecycle (designing to decommissioning) of underground mine communications infrastructure. It will be targeted to mine managers, leaders, and newcomers to the industry. This guideline will aim to provide valuable information to those who do not necessarily have much understanding of the technology and will provide guidance on how to find the required expertise to plan, implement, maintain, and select the system best suited for their operation.
Few mines are the same; however, this document aims to provide an understanding of the common elements of modern underground communications systems, along with guidance on elements which should be adapted to specific requirements.
The revision will:
- Help mining companies decide on the appropriate systems and level of investment appropriate for their operation
- Inform mining companies on key questions and decisions
- Provide collated industry guidance on operation, maintenance, and refresh of communications technology.
- Focus of communications systems, pitfalls, and how to avoid future constraints/issues, rather than a business case exploration for whether to implement
SCOPE
Commonly used communications systems (i.e., cellular, Wi-Fi, digital radio)
Business case and guidance on how to determine what communications system is most optimal based on mine
- Designing for communications systems
- Mining method and mine design considerations affecting choice of communication technology
- Key mining application requirements affecting communication technology selection
- Selection of appropriate communication technologies to support required applications
- Exploration of constraints and limitations of various communication technologies
- Non-functional design considerations for communications technologies, such as cyber security.
- Hybrid communications technologies which commonly provide additional functionality or use cases
Installation and commissioning
Operation and maintenance of selected communications technology
Disposal and refresh
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Business Case
3 General Considerations
4 Design
4.1 Communication Service Elements
4.1.1 Physical Media
4.1.2 Power
4.1.3 Environmental Considerations
4.2 Voice and Wireless Access Network Selection
4.2.1 Considerations in Choosing a Pattern
4.2.1.1 Trunked Radio
4.2.1.2 Cellular
4.2.1.3 Wi-Fi and Cellular Selection Consideration
4.2.1.4 Choosing the Right Pattern Based on Specific Operation
4.2.2 Other Patterns
4.2.3 Client Devise Considerations
4.2.4 Risk Management Consideration
4.3 Power Design
4.3.1 Uninteruptable Power Supply (UPS)
4.3.2 UPS Location and Coverage
4.4 Wired Network Design
4.4.1 Logical Architecture
4.4.2 Physical Architecture
4.5 Wireless Spectrum Management
4.6 Wi-Fi Design
4.6.1 Physical
4.6.2 Logical
4.7 Cellular Design
4.7.1 Logical
4.7.2 Cellular Core System to Corporate Network Integration
4.7.3 Physical
4.8 Wireless Sensor Network Design
4.9 Location Systm Design
4.10 Coal Mines
4.11 Quality Assurance
4.11.1 Hand-Off
4.11.2 IT Acceptance Criteria
4.11.3 Mine Maintenance Acceptance Criteria
4.11.4 Application Ownership Acceptance Criteria
5 Installation and Commission
5.1 Requirements for Successful Installation and Commission
5.1.1 Design Requirements
5.1.2 Resource Requirements
5.1.3 Process Requirements
5.2 Methodology for Installation
5.2.1 Wi-Fi
5.2.2 Cellular
5.2.3 Leaky Feeder
5.2.4 Cable Location and Installation
5.2.5 Elevated Work Platform (EWP) Usage
5.2.6 Communication System Best Practices
5.2.7 Process for Working with Mining Cycle
5.3 Methodologies for Commissioning
5.3.1 Testing, Validation, and Verification for Wired Networks
5.3.2 – Testing, Validation, and Verification for Wireless Networks
5.3.3 – Verify Against Performance Requirements (for Design)
5.3.4 – Tools and Methods of Testing Coverage/Bandwidth
5.3.5 – Sign-off
6 – Operation and Maintenance
6.1 Overall Approach to Technology Delivery and Maintenance
6.2 Establish Performance Targets
6.3 Monitor Against Targets
6.3.1 Alerting
6.3.2 Reporting
6.4 Maintenance
6.4.1 SLAs and Target to Repair
6.4.1.1 Internal Operating Level Agreement (OLA)
6.4.2 Critical Spares/Inventory
6.4.3 Personnel and Organizational Structure
6.4.4 Maintenance Planning and Work Execution
6.5 Change Management
6.5.1 Cybersecurity
6.6 Continuous Improvement
7 Disposing and Refreshing
7.1 Disposing and Refreshing
7.1.1 Data for Disposal and Refreshing
7.1.2 Safe, Secure, and Ethical Disposal
8 Application Use Case Examples
Appendix 1 – Mining Phase Description
Appendix 2 – Mining Methods
Appendix 3 – Spectrum and Interference Management
Appendix 4 – Client Device Consideration
Appendix 5 – Logical Cellular Design Consideration
Appendix 6 – Cellular Core System to Corporate Network Integration Consideration
Appendix 7 – Location System Design
If you would like to contribute to this initative please contact nednie@gmggroup.org
WHAT'S HAPPENING
May 27, 2025 – Workshop and project leader panel
May 17, 2025 – Project steering committee meeting to determine next steps in the content generation phase of the guideline
April 29, 2025 – Interactive panel held
Project Steering Committee
Justin Lustik – Agnico Eagle
Nicholas Reader – BHP
Ron Bose – Glencore
Ron Jacksha – NIOSH
Russell Kennett – Rio Tinto
Stefan Castehav – Boliden
Terry Pasieka – CGI
Get Involved
To get involved contact us at: gmgprojects@gmggroup.org